Primary Source and Comparison to Today
Video
Comparison to Today
The Third Industrial Revolution THE first industrial revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century, with the mechanisation of the textile industry. Tasks previously done laboriously by hand in hundreds of weavers' cottages were brought together in a single cotton mill, and the factory was born. The second industrial revolution came in the early 20th century, when Henry Ford mastered the moving assembly line and ushered in the age of mass production. The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more urban. Now a third revolution is under way. Manufacturing is going digital. As this week's special report argues, this could change not just business, but much else besides. A number of remarkable technologies are converging: clever software, novel materials, more dexterous robots, new processes (notably three-dimensional printing) and a whole range of web-based services. The factory of the past was based on cranking out zillions of identical products: Ford famously said that car-buyers could have any colour they liked, as long as it was black. But the cost of producing much smaller batches of a wider variety, with each product tailored precisely to each customer's whims, is falling. The factory of the future will focus on mass customisation—and may look more like those weavers' cottages than Ford's assembly line. Towards a third dimension The old way of making things involved taking lots of parts and screwing or welding them together. Now a product can be designed on a computer and “printed” on a 3D printer, which creates a solid object by building up successive layers of material. The digital design can be tweaked with a few mouseclicks. The 3D printer can run unattended, and can make many things which are too complex for a traditional factory to handle. In time, these amazing machines may be able to make almost anything, anywhere—from your garage to an African village. The applications of 3D printing are especially mind-boggling. Already, hearing aids and high-tech parts of military jets are being printed in customised shapes. The geography of supply chains will change. An engineer working in the middle of a desert who finds he lacks a certain tool no longer has to have it delivered from the nearest city. He can simply download the design and print it. The days when projects ground to a halt for want of a piece of kit, or when customers complained that they could no longer find spare parts for things they had bought, will one day seem quaint. Other changes are nearly as momentous. New materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than the old ones. Carbon fibre is replacing steel and aluminium in products ranging from aeroplanes to mountain bikes. New techniques let engineers shape objects at a tiny scale. Nanotechnology is giving products enhanced features, such as bandages that help heal cuts, engines that run more efficiently and crockery that cleans more easily. Genetically engineered viruses are being developed to make items such as batteries. And with the internet allowing ever more designers to collaborate on new products, the barriers to entry are falling. Ford needed heaps of capital to build his colossal River Rouge factory; his modern equivalent can start with little besides a laptop and a hunger to invent. Like all revolutions, this one will be disruptive. Digital technology has already rocked the media and retailing industries, just as cotton mills crushed hand looms and the Model T put farriers out of work. Many people will look at the factories of the future and shudder. They will not be full of grimy machines manned by men in oily overalls. Many will be squeaky clean—and almost deserted. Some carmakers already produce twice as many vehicles per employee as they did only a decade or so ago. Most jobs will not be on the factory floor but in the offices nearby, which will be full of designers, engineers, IT specialists, logistics experts, marketing staff and other professionals. The manufacturing jobs of the future will require more skills. Many dull, repetitive tasks will become obsolete: you no longer need riveters when a product has no rivets. The revolution will affect not only how things are made, but where. Factories used to move to low-wage countries to curb labour costs. But labour costs are growing less and less important: a $499 first-generation iPad included only about $33 of manufacturing labour, of which the final assembly in China accounted for just $8. Offshore production is increasingly moving back to rich countries not because Chinese wages are rising, but because companies now want to be closer to their customers so that they can respond more quickly to changes in demand. And some products are so sophisticated that it helps to have the people who design them and the people who make them in the same place. The Boston Consulting Group reckons that in areas such as transport, computers, fabricated metals and machinery, 10-30% of the goods that America now imports from China could be made at home by 2020, boosting American output by $20 billion-55 billion a year. The shock of the new Consumers will have little difficulty adapting to the new age of better products, swiftly delivered. Governments, however, may find it harder. Their instinct is to protect industries and companies that already exist, not the upstarts that would destroy them. They shower old factories with subsidies and bully bosses who want to move production abroad. They spend billions backing the new technologies which they, in their wisdom, think will prevail. And they cling to a romantic belief that manufacturing is superior to services, let alone finance. None of this makes sense. The lines between manufacturing and services are blurring. Rolls-Royce no longer sells jet engines; it sells the hours that each engine is actually thrusting an aeroplane through the sky. Governments have always been lousy at picking winners, and they are likely to become more so, as legions of entrepreneurs and tinkerers swap designs online, turn them into products at home and market them globally from a garage. As the revolution rages, governments should stick to the basics: better schools for a skilled workforce, clear rules and a level playing field for enterprises of all kinds. Leave the rest to the revolutionaries. |
"We are Knights of Labor because we believe that the thief who steals a dollar is no worse than the thief who steals a railroad...a house or a vault is no worse than the criminal who destroys or orders the destruction of the property of a railroad or telegraph company...law should reach out with a firm, unshaken hand and punish both criminals according to their guilt" -Powderly's Address
Response This is the caption from the cartoon to the left. The cartoon depicts Jay Gould admiring his monopolies and his smashed competition and Henry George looks on. Terence Powderly is the shorter man in the red. He has a cane on which the words "Powderly's Speech" is written. He is positioned to give Gould a whacking to knock sense into him. Powderly and George took on Gould with the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Response to Article (Left) This article talks about the way manufacturing has changed throughout time. It states how in earlier times manufacturing was based on assembly lines and taking parts to put them together. Today, this style is becoming lost. Nowadays there are 3-D printers that are able to create the same products that would otherwise be made in factories by workers. Due to this factor, jobs are being lost and unemployment is high. Back in the 1800s when the industrial age was big, many things were different such as wages and who worked in factories. Wages were low and many women and children worked in the factories. Today, factory workers make minimum wage if not a bit more and the workers consist of middle-aged men and women or older. Factory jobs are really the only jobs availabe to this age group that are easy to obtain. The industry was the biggest job sector in the nineteenth century. Bibliography Annotated Bibliography "Flocabulary - Industrial Revolution." YouTube. YouTube, 9 May 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. I used this source as my visual to help explain the industrial age. "Gould Caught Napping." Judge 16 Oct. 1886: n. pag. Print. I used this picture as my primary source. Powderly, Terence V. "Terence V. Powderly on the Eight Hour Day." Terence V. Powderly on the Eight Hour Day. N.p., 1890. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. I used this source to research more on the eight-hour work day. ""Robber Barons" or "Captains of Industry"" "Robber Barons" or "Captains of Industry" N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. I used this source to help answer the essential questions. "Terence Powderly." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. I used this source to help create my profile of Terence Powderly. "Terence V. Powderly." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. I used this source to help create my profile of Terence Powderly. "The Third Industrial Revolution." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 21 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Jan. 2015. I used this source as my article comparing the industrial age to today. |